浅谈对外汉语教学形容词分类标准
浅谈对外汉语教学形容词分类标准
摘要
形容词是现代汉语名词、动词、形容词三大实词之一,在汉语词类体系中占有非常重要的地位。自1898年《马氏文通》以来,语言学界对它的研究不断深入,在形容词的用法研究、形容词与动词的划界研究、形容词重叠式研究等诸多方面都取得了一些可喜的成果。但对于形容词,语法学界在不少问题上也还存在着较大的分歧,其中之一就是形容词的下位分类问题。
关键词:形容词
分类
角度
I
浅谈对外汉语教学形容词分类标准
Abstract
Adjective is one of the three major content words----the modern Chinese nouns, verbs, adjectives. It plays a very important role in the Chinese part of speech system. Since 1898, 《ma shi wen tong》was published ,language academic research to it is unceasingly thorough, the usage of the adjectives in research, adjectives and verbs demarcation research, adjectives superimposed research and so on many aspects have made some good results. But for adjectives, grammar circles in many problems also exist the bigger differences, one of which is the adjectives lower classification problem
Key words :adjective classification angle II
浅谈对外汉语教学形容词分类标准
目录
摘要。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。 I Abstract.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。. II 目录。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。. III 前言。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.一.形容词内部细分类的意义 。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。二.对外汉语教学中形容词内部分类的参照标准 。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。1.从语法功能出发对形容词进行分类。 。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。2.从性范畴出发对形容词进行分类。 。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.3.从人们对某一性质的状态出发对形容词进行分类。。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.4.从留学生的理解角度出发对形容词进行分类。。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。5.根据语义对形容词进行分类。 。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。结论。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.参考文献。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。.。
III
浅谈对外汉语教学形容词分类标准
前言
形容词是汉语词类中极为重要的一类,如果说名词动词是构成语句的砖头瓦块,那么形容词就是构成“语句”这座大厦的油漆涂料。正是因为有了形容词,话语才有了颜色,也正是因为有了形容词我们的表达才更加的细致贴切。是它将我们内在复杂的思维准确的、近乎完满的转化为外在的表达形式,让复杂的思维得以精准细致的体现,形容词的叙写和描写作用加大了听者能够准确的将听到的语言序列符号在头脑中形成的形象与说话者所要描述的语言形象契合的几率。形容词是汉语词类中的一个大类,它的内部分类一直是语言学界争论的焦点。目前的情况是, 将形容词分为性质形容词、状态形容词、非谓形容词这三大块的划分方式已得到了大家的公认, 但除这三类之外是否还可再立他类,或大类之下还有什么样的次类, 具有什么样的句法功能, 这些问题虽已有许多人探讨, 但至今仍没有取得一致意见。尤其是形容词的分类问题上,各个语言学家更是众说纷纭,他们都从不同的出发点对形容词进行了分类。
一.形容词内部细分类的意义
对形容词进行细致的分类无疑会使我们加深对形容词的认识,更有利于句法分析,同时也可以为汉语教学提供重要参考,形容词的次类都对应着各自的用法或者是具有不同的意义,了解一个词的具体的次类属就能掌握与之相关的用法了解它的语法意义,因而对形容词进行再分类是很有价值的。对外汉语教学中的形容词教学不同于第一语言中的形容词教学,对我们来说有关形容词的最好的分类标准并不一定适合教留学生,现有的有关形容词的分类标准不适合照搬到对外汉语教学中,对外汉语教学中的形容词教学还应该从留学生的角度出发,根据他们的实际情况,考虑到他们母语以及掌握语言的情况而从不同的方面来给形容词进行分类,根据不同的分类进行有针对性的教学。
二.对外汉语教学中形容词内部分类的参照标准
我认为对外汉语教学形容词的分类可以综合参考以下几个标准从这几个着眼点出发进行形容词分类教学:
1、从语法功能出发对形容词进行分类。
以朱德熙先生的形容词分类方法作为基准。朱德熙先生把形容词分为简单式和复杂式,后又根据短语组合功能划分了性质形容词、状态形容词,并将区别词划出形容词范围单列一类。从语法功能出发对形容词进行分类的这种方法有利于留学生学习汉语形容词。性质形容词和状态形容词有各自的用法和表述功能,比如:性质形容词有典型的定语性,状态形容词有典型的谓语性特征。性质形容词能跟
2
浅谈对外汉语教学形容词分类标准
结论
对外汉语中级教学阶段,词汇教学占有重要地位,形容词教学是词汇教学中的重点,对于一个对外汉语教学者来说,掌握了诸家对形容词分类的出发点,在教学中做到灵活的借鉴,使形容词的教学变得简单,也使学习形容词变得容易。
5 -
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2014年全国部分省市中考英语试题汇编:单项选择—形容词
【2014铜仁】Da Shan is _______ at Chinese. He can speak Chinese very _______.
A. good, goodB. well, wellC. good, wellD. well, good
【答案】C
【2014铜仁】The Yangzi River is one of _______ in the world.
A. the longest riversB. the longest river
C. longer riversD. longer river
【答案】A
【2014黄冈】—Everyone knows Canada is the second largest country in the world.
—That is, it is larger than _______ country in Asia.
A. anyB. any otherC. otherD.
another
【答案】A新 课标第一 网
【2014连云港】Mr. Black used to be busy. But now he’s tired and, so he has plenty of
time to exercise.
A. hardB. calmC. freeD. nervous
【答案】C
【2014河北】Water is the cheapest drink. And it is also ______.
A. healthierB. healthiestC. the healthierD. the
healthiest
【答案】D
【2014河北】How ______ Cindy grows! She’s almost as tall as her mother now.
A. cuteB. strongC. fastD. straight
【答案】C
【2014达州】—My teachers often encourage me ______ more friends but I find it difficult.
—Your teachers’ idea is right. The more friends you make, ______ you will be.
A. to make; the more happyB. to make; happier
C. making; the happierD. to make; the happier
【答案】D
【2014湖北咸宁】—What do you think of her teaching English?
—Great! No one teaches ______ in our school.
A. goodB. worseC. betterD. best
【答案】C
【2014昆明】—Although Ms Zhou is an old lady, she is always in the pink.
—Yes. Because she exercises every day and eats a balanced ______ diet.
A. healthyB. luckyC. beautifulD. creative
【答案】A
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【2014昆明】—Where would you like to go this Mid-Autumn Festival?
—I’d like to go _______.
A. everywhere relaxingB. somewhere relaxing
C. peaceful anywhereD. peaceful somewhere
【答案】B
【2014昆明】—It’s smoggy these days. That’s terrible!
—Yes, I hope to plant trees. ______ trees, ______air pollution.
A. The more; the fewerB. the less; the more
C. The less; the fewerD. The more; the less
【答案】D
【2014昆明】The safety of food has become one of the ______ problems in our daily life.
A. more expensiveB. more important
C. most expensiveD. most important
【答案】D
【2014鄂州】—If you prefer the red evening dress, you’ll have to pay ______ 30
dollars, because it’s made of silk.
—OK. Here you are. wW w 。x Kb 1.c o M
A. otherB. the otherC. moreD. another
【答案】D
【2014南京】—Do you enjoy Han Lei’s songs?
—Yes. He is the winner of I’m Singer Ⅱ。 I can’t think of anyone with a ______
voice.
A. betterB. bestC. moreD. most
【答案】A
【2014黔西南州】The bread smells ______ and it sells ______.
A. well; goodB. good; goodC. good; wellD. well; well
【答案】C
【2014重庆市A】—That clothes store is ______ on weekends.
—I see. I’ll go there next Monday then.
A. openB. closeC. openedD.
closed
【答案】D
【2014安徽】It is ______ for me to follow the Australian guests because I am good at English.
A. badB. easyC. hardD. right
【答案】B
【2014重庆市B】Come here at Christmas! You can buy ______ clothes in a year.
A. the cheapestB. cheaperC. the worstD.
worse
【答案】A
【2014杭州】Of the two shirts, I’d like to choose the_____ one to save some money
for a cap.
A. cheapestB. cheaperC. more expensiveD. most
expensive
【答案】B
【2014呼和浩特】The box was _____ than I had expected. I was out of breath when I got home.
A. more heavierB. much heavier
C. little heavierD. very heavier
【答案】A
【2014苏州】—The picture is, I have to say, not a bit beautiful.
—Why? It’s ______ than the pictures I have ever seen.
A. far more beautifulB. much less beautiful
C. no more beautifulD. any less beautiful
【答案】A
【2014天津】—Is there_____ beef in the fridge? X Kb 1.C om
—No, there isn’t. There is ______ pork.
A. some; anyB. any; anyC. some; someD. any;
some
【答案】D
【2014天津】Mo Yan is one of _____ writers in the world.
A. famousB. more famousC. most famousD. the
most famous
【答案】D
【2014广州】I have a lovely room. It’s the ______ in the hotel.
A. niceB. nicerC. nicestD.
most nice
【答案】C
【2014陕西】Lucy is a(n) ______ student, she answers the teachers’ questions ______ in her
class.
A. more active; more activelyB. active; more actively
C. more active; the most activelyD. active; the most actively
【答案】D
【2014南昌】You have to be ______ and wait until I finish my work.
A. patientB. strictC. honestD. active
【答案】A
【2014南昌】There will be ______ jobs for people because some robots will do the same jobs as
people.
A. manyB. moreC fewerD. fewest
【答案】C新- 课- 标-第- 一-网
【2014济宁】—Have you heard the song Stay Here Forever?
—Yes. It sounds _______.
A. wellB. loudlyC. sweetD. beautifully
【答案】C
【2014济宁】 is one of ________ shopping websites in China.
A. largeB. largerC. largestD. the largest 【答案】D
【2014枣庄】Tom doesn’t like thrillers because it’s ______.
A. funnyB. interestingC. excitingD. scary
【答案】D
【2014枣庄】Of all the teachers I love the ones who are ______ because they treat students as
their family members.
A. the strongestB. the friendliest
C. the most experiencedD. the funniest
【答案】B
【2014枣庄】She likes _______ cookies. They are hard dry and easily broken.
A. saltyB. sweetC. sourD. crispy 【答案】DwW w 。x Kb 1.c o M
【2014东营】Overseas experience may help make our life. So why not try to study
abroad?
A. usualB. usefulC. successfulD. traditional
【答案】C
【2014甘肃白银】Some of the tired students keep their eyes ______ in breaks.
A. openedB. closeC. closedD. open
【答案】B
【2014甘肃白银】Many students say that if there were no examinations they should have
______ at school.
A. the happiest timeB. a more happier time
C. much happiest timeD. a much happier time
【答案】D
【2014宁波】—I really like to watch the TV program I AM A SINGER.
—Me, too. It’s one of the ______ TV programs I’ve ever seen.
A. least boringB. least interesting
C. most boringD. most interesting
【答案】D
【2014宜宾】Mike is ______, but his brother Sam is much ______.x k b 1 。 c o m
A. heavy; heavierB. heavy; heaviest
C. heavier; heaviestD. heavier; the heaviest
【答案】A
【2014湖州】Mona doesn’t like making speeches. She feels _______ talking in front of the class.
A. annoyedB. excitedC. nervousD. surprised
【答案】C
【2014宜宾】The old man was so _______ the good news that he couldn’t say a word.
A. interested inB. excited aboutC. afraid ofD.
worried about
【答案】B
【2014温州】Leo was so _______ that he rushed to the kitchen, hoping to find something to eat.
A. thirstyB. hungryC. tiredD. sleepy
【答案】
【2014嘉兴】My grandfather is over 80, but he is still in good health and stay _______.
A. safeB. warmC. awakeD. active
【答案】D
【2014嘉兴】—Do you like eating fish, Wang Hai?
—Of course. Nothing can be _______, I think.
A. deliciousB. beautifulC. more deliciousD. more beautiful
【答案】C
【2014丽水】Steve isn’t as _______ as Kelly. He often makes mistakes in his writing.
A. carelessB. tidyC. carefulD.
difficult
【答案】C
【2014绍兴】—Guess what! Teresa makes her own clothes.
—Wow, she is so _______. I could never do that.
A. simpleB. creativeC. popularD. energetic
【答案】B
【2014台州】The fruits are _______, because they were picked from the garden just now.
A. freshB. cheapC. bigD. unhealthy
【答案】A
【2014泰安】—Is your headache getting _______
—No, it’s worse.
A. betterB. badC. lessD. well
【答案】A
【2014威海】I am sorry this coat is not big enough. I want a _______ one.
A. biggerB. bigC. smallerD. small
【答案】A
【2014滨州】—Tom, are you _______ boy in your class?
—No, but John is. I’m shorter than him.
A. the tallestB. the shortestC. the youngestD. the oldest
【答案】A
【2014德州】—Would you like some cakes, Allen?
—Yes, please. And I also want some water. I’m so _______!
A. lazyB. hungryC. sleepyD. thirsty
【答案】D
【2014德州】—It’s one of the _______ things in the world to stay with friends.—I agree. It always makes us relaxed.
A. worstB. happiestC. busiestD. hardest
【答案】B新- 课- 标-第- 一-网
【2014菏泽】I’d love to go to the English evening. But I’m a little _______, because
I will be asked to sing an English song in the front of the whole
school.
A. tiredB. sadC. nervousD. pleased
【答案】C
【2014菏泽】People who eat a balanced diet should be _______ than those who only eat
hamburgers.
A. cleverB. clevererC. healthyD. healthier
【答案】D
【2014聊城】I think Spiderman is _______ cartoon (动画片) I’ve even seen.
A. interestingB. more interesting
C. most interestingD. the most interesting
【答案】D
新课标第一网系列资料
一、 学习用品 (school things)
pen钢笔 pencil铅笔 pencil-case铅笔盒 ruler尺子 book书 bag包 comic book漫画书 post card明信片
newspaper报纸 schoolbag书包 eraser橡皮 crayon蜡笔 sharpener卷笔刀 story-book故事书 notebook笔记本
Chinese book语文书 English book英语书 math book数学书 magazine杂志 dictionary词典
二、 人体 (body)
foot脚 head头 face脸 hair头发 nose鼻子 mouth嘴 eye眼睛 ear耳朵 arm手臂 hand手 finger手指 leg腿
tail尾巴
三、 颜色 (colors)
red红 blue蓝 yellow黄 green绿 white白 black黑 pink粉红 purple紫 orange橙 brown棕gray 灰色
四、 动物 (animals)
cat猫 dog狗 pig猪 duck鸭 rabbit兔 horse马 elephant大象 ant蚂蚁 fish鱼 bird鸟
eagle鹰 beaver海狸 snake蛇 mouse老鼠 squirrel松鼠 kangaroo袋鼠 monkey猴deer鹿
panda熊猫 bear熊 lion狮子 tiger老虎 fox狐狸 zebra斑马goose鹅 hen母鸡 turkey火鸡 lamb小羊
sheep绵羊 goat山羊 cow奶牛giraffe长颈鹿 donkey驴 squid鱿鱼 lobster龙虾 shark鲨鱼 seal海豹 sperm whale抹香鲸 killer whale虎鲸
五、 人物 (people)
friend朋友 boy男孩 girl女孩 mother母亲 father父亲 sister姐妹 brother兄弟 uncle叔叔;舅舅 man男人
woman女人 Mr.先生 Miss小姐 lady女士;小姐 mom妈妈parents父母 grandparents祖父母 grandma/grandmother祖母 grandpa/grandfather祖父 dad爸爸son儿子
aunt姑姑daughter女儿 baby婴儿 kid小孩 classmate同学visitor参观者 neighbor邻居 principal校长 pen pal笔友
cousin堂兄弟。堂姐妹tourist旅行者 people人物 robot机器人
六、 职业 (jobs)
Actor 男演员 actress女演员
artist艺术家。画家
baker面包师
barber理发匠 soldier战士
builder建筑者 designer设计师
doctor医生
driver司机
inventor发明家model模特 musician音乐家
nurse护士
painter画家
photographer摄影师 pilot飞行员 student学生
shop assistant店员 singer歌唱家 teacher教师
tour guide 导游accountant会计painter画家
TV presenter主持人scientist科学家detective侦探fisherman 渔夫 worker工人boxer拳击手engineer工程师
fire fighter 消防员writer/author作家director 导演
police 警察businessman 商人pilot飞行员 dentist牙医
nurse护士
waiter/waitress服务员poet 诗人monk 和尚
translator 翻译家 clerk 店员
headmaster校长
gardener花匠
cowboy 牛仔dancer舞者 editor : 编辑
farmer: 农夫tennis player网球运动员clown 小丑
八、 水果、蔬菜 (fruit & vegetables)
apple苹果 banana香蕉 pear梨 orange橙 watermelon西瓜 grape葡萄 eggplant茄子 green beans青豆
tomato西红柿 potato土豆 peach桃 strawberry草莓 cucumber黄瓜 onion洋葱 carrot胡萝卜 cabbage卷心菜
七、 食品、饮料 (food & drink)
rice米饭 bread面包 beef牛肉 milk牛奶 water水 egg蛋 fish鱼 tofu豆腐 cake蛋糕 hot dog热狗
hamburger汉堡包 French fries炸薯条 cookie曲奇 biscuit饼干 jam果酱 noodles面条 meat肉 chicken鸡肉
pork猪肉 mutton羊肉 vegetable蔬菜 salad沙拉 soup汤 ice冰 ice-cream冰淇淋 Coke可乐 juice果汁 tea茶 coffee咖啡 breakfast早餐 lunch午餐 dinner/supper晚餐 meal一餐
我是八
九、 衣服 (clothes)
jacket夹克衫 shirt衬衫 T-shirt丅恤衫 skirt短裙子 dress连衣裙 jeans牛仔裤 pants长裤 socks袜子 shoes鞋子 sweater毛衣 coat上衣 raincoat雨衣 shorts短裤 sneakers网球鞋 slippers拖鞋 sandals凉鞋 boots靴子
hat(有沿的)帽子 cap便帽 sunglasses太阳镜 tie领带 scarf围巾 gloves手套 trousers裤子 cloth布
十、 交通工具 (vehicles)
bike自行车 bus公共汽车 train火车 boat小船 ship轮船 yacht快艇 car小汽车 taxi出租车 jeep吉普车
van小货车;面包车 plane/airplane飞机 subway/underground地铁
十一、杂物 (other things)
window窗户 door门 desk课桌 chair椅子 bed床 computer计算机 board写字板 fan风扇 light灯
teacher's desk讲台 picture图画;照片 wall墙壁 floor地板 curtain窗帘 trash bin垃圾箱 closet壁橱 mirror镜子 end table床头柜 football/soccer足球 present礼物 walkman随身听 lamp台灯 phone电话 sofa沙发 shelf书架 fridge冰箱 table桌子 TV电视 air-conditioner空调 key钥匙 lock锁 photo照片 chart图表 plate盘子 knife刀 fork叉 spoon勺子 chopsticks筷子 pot锅 gift礼物 toy玩具 doll洋娃娃 ball球 balloon气球 kite风筝
jigsaw puzzle拼图游戏 box盒子 umbrella伞 zipper拉链 violin小提琴 yo-yo溜溜球 nest鸟窝 hole洞
tube管子 toothbrush牙刷 menu菜单 e-card电子卡片 e-mail电子邮件 traffic light交通灯 money钱 medicine药
十二、地点 (locations)
home家 room房间 bedroom卧室 bathroom卫生间 living room起居室 kitchen厨房 classroom教室 school学校 park公园 library图书馆 post office邮局 police office警察局 hospital医院 cinema电影院 bookstore书店 farm农场 zoo动物园 garden花园 study书房 playground操场 canteen食堂 teacher's office教师办公室 library图书馆 gym体育馆 washroom卫生间 art room绘画教室 computer room计算机教室 music room音乐教室 TV room电视机房 flat公寓 company公司 factory工厂 fruit stand水果摊 pet shop宠物商店 nature park自然公园 theme park主题公园 science museum科学博物馆 the Great Wall长城 supermarket超市 bank银行 country国家 village乡村 city城市 hometown家乡 bus stop公交车站
十三、课程 (classes)
sports体育运动 science科学 Moral Education思想品德课 Social Studies社会课 Chinese语文 math数学 PE体育课 English英语课
十四、景物 (nature)
river河流 lake湖泊 stream河;溪 forest森林 path小道 road公路 house房子 bridge桥 building建筑物 rain雨 cloud云 sun太阳 mountain山 sky天空 rainbow彩虹 wind风 air空气 moon月亮
十五、植物 (plants)
flower花 grass草 tree树 seed种子 sprout苗 plant植物 rose玫瑰 leaf叶子
十六、星期 (week)
Monday星期一 Tuesday星期二 Wednesday星期三 Thursday星期四 Friday星期五 Saturday星期六 Sunday星期天 weekend周末
十七、月份 (months)
Jan. (January)一月 Feb.(February)二月 Mar.(March)三月 April四月 May五月 June六月 July七月 Aug.(August)八月 Sept.(September)九月 Oct.(October)十月 Nov.(November)十一月 Dec.(December)十二月
十八、季节 (seasons)
spring春 summer夏 fall/autumn秋 winter冬
十九、方位 (directions)
south南 north北 east东 west西 left 左边 right右边
形容词
good好的 bad坏的small小的big大的hungry饿的full饱的little少的 high高的 short矮的 tall高的 long长的 old老的,旧的new新的 young年轻的 many许多的 much 许多的 beautiful漂亮的 nice美好的 early早的 late迟的 right正确的wrong错误的 busy忙的
free空闲的 lazy懒的 bored无聊的 heavy重的 light轻的blind盲的special特别的
kind善良的 happy高兴的 sad伤心的 fast快的 scary吓人的 different不同的 same同样的 round 圆的 great伟大的 sunny晴朗的 windy多风的 cloudy多云的 rainy多雨的 snowy多雪的 able 有才干的,能干的 active 主动的,活跃的 adaptable careful 办事仔细的 confident 有信心的 creative 富创造力的 cute 可爱的 dashing 有一股子冲劲的,有拼搏精神的 dedicated 有奉献精神的 friendly 友好的good 好的 gentle 有礼貌的 honest 诚实的hard-working 勤劳的 humorous 幽默的 inventive 有发明才能的,有创造力的 just 正直的 kind-hearted 好心的 knowledgeable 有见识的 learned 精通某门学问的original 有独创性的positive 积极的 selfish 自私的 selfless 无私的 sensible 明白事理的 sincere 真诚的 smart 精明的strict 严格的 stupid 愚蠢的 ugly 丑陋的(1) AAA型(动词原形、过去式、过去分词同形)
cost(花费) cost cost
shut闭上 shut shut cut(割)cut cut
spit
spit/spat
spit/ spat(英) hurt 伤害 hurt hurt hit(打)hit hit let(让)let let
put放put put read (读 read read
(2) AAB型(动词原形与过去式同形)beat(跳动)
beat beaten (3) ABA型(动词原形与过去分词同形) become(变成) became become
awake醒
awoke awoken come(来) came come
run(跑) ran run
(4) ABB型(过去式与过去分词同形)
dig(挖)
dug dug
build造
built
built
get(得到)
got got/gotten
catch抓
caught
caught
hang(吊死)
hanged hanged
deal解决
dealt dealt
hang(悬挂)
hung
hung
feed
fed
fed
hold(抓住)
held held
find
found
found
shine(照耀) shone shone
sit(坐)
sat sat
pay
paid
paid
win (赢)
won won
Send寄
sent
sent
meet(遇见)
met met
shoot
shot
shot
keep (保持) kept kept
Tell 说
told
told
sleep(睡)
slept slept
win 赢
won
won
sweep(扫)
swept
swept
feel(感觉)
felt felt
smell(闻)
smelt smelt/ smelled
leave(离开) left left
build(建设) built built
lend(借出)
lent lent
send (传送)
sent sent
spend(花费) spent spent
lose (丢失) lost lost
burn (燃烧) burnt burnt
learn(学习)
learnt learnt
mean(意思是) meant meant
catch(抓住) caught caught
teach(教)
taught taught
bring(带来) brought
brought
fight (战斗) fought fought
buy(买)
bought
bought
think(想)
thought thought
hear (听见) heard heard
sell(卖)
sold sold
tell(告诉)
told told
say(说)
said said
find(找到)
found found
have/has(有) had had
make(制造) made made
stand(站)
stood stood
understand明白understood understood
(5) ABC型(动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形)
begin(开始) began begun
take(取)
took taken
drink(喝)
drank drunk
mistake(弄错) mistook
mistaken
ring(铃响)
rang rung
ride(骑)
rode ridden
sing (唱)
sang sung
do(做)
did done
swim(游泳) swam swum
write(写)
wrote written
blow(吹)
blew blown
go(去)went gone
draw (画)
drew drawn
lie(平躺)
lay lain
fly(飞)
flew flown
see(看见)
saw seen
grow(生长) grew grown
wear (穿) wore worn
know(知道) knew known
be ( am, is, are )(是)was, were been
throw(投掷) threw thrown
show(出示) showed shown
break(打破) broke broken
choose(选择) chose chosen
forget(忘记) forgot forgotten (forgot)
bear(出生)
bore borne/born
speak(说,讲) spoke spoken
draw drew drawn
wake(醒)
woke woken
dream dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreamed
drive(驾驶) drove driven
hide(隐藏)
hid
hidden
eat(吃)
ate eaten
lay放置
laid laid
fall(落下)
fell fallen
lie撒谎
lied
lied
give(给)
gave
given
lie躺
lay
lain
rise(升高)
rose risen
see看见
saw
seen
shake拍
shook
shaken
steal stole
stolen
形容词的分类
形容词可以分为单词形容词和复合形容词,中心形容词和外围形容词,动态形容词和静态形容词,等级和非等级形容词。分述如下:
1) 单词和复合形容词(就词的构成来说的) 单词形容词有的仅有一个自由词素构成,如 big small bad good hot cold等;有的是由自由词根加前缀或后缀构成,如 unkind impossible lovely voiceless等。 复合形容词的构成是多样的:他们可以是形容词+形容词如 bitter-sweet deaf-mute;可以是形容词/副词+ing/ed分词,如good-looking hard-working newfanged 可以是名词+形容词如 grass-green duty-free 可以是名词+ing/ed分词如 ocean-going hand-made suntanned 也可以是形容词+名词+ed 如kind-hearted absent-minded等。
2) 中心和外围形容词(就其句法功能来说)
大多数形容词都是技能作名词修饰词,又能做主语补语和宾语补语的修饰词被称为中心形容词,如 Green apples are sour.(作名词修饰语) Pillar-boxes are green(作主语补语) They have painted the windows green(做宾语补语) 少数只能作修饰语或者只能作补语的形容词被称为外围形
容词,如This is utter nonsense This child is asleep 3)动态和静态形容词(按词汇意义)
大多数形容词都是静态形容词描写人/物的静态特征如 tall short big small ugly beautiful deep等,还有一些是由名词转化而来的表示类别 来源或出处的如 French food ;动态形容词带有动作含义 如abusive clever foolish kind jealous nice witty等
两者在语法上有所不同:首先动态形容词可以和being 搭配作补语,而静态形容词不可以。如 She is being witty 第二,动态形容词可以用于be开首的祈使句,而静态形容词不可以。如 Be patient! Be careful! 第三,动态形容词可以用于使役结构,而静态形容词不可以 如 I persuaded her to be generous. 4)等级和非等级形容词(就词汇意义来说)
等级形容词的语法特征首先表现为具有比较等级如 tall—taller—tallest ,等级形容词还表现在能接受强调词的修饰 如 very tall
so beautiful extremely useful,有些形容词(perfect excellent extreme)本身已带有极度的含义属于非等级形容词。
A:形容词
1、 形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常, 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。
2) 叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。
(错) He is an ill man.
(对) The man is ill.(ill是叙述形容词)
(错) She is an afraid girl.
(对) The girl is afraid.(afraid是叙述形容词)
这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:
something nice
2、 以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly(致命的),lovely,lonely,likely(很可能的),lively(生动活泼的),ugly(丑的),brotherly(兄弟般的),仍为形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely.
(错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely.
(对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。
Daily(日常的,每日的),weekly,monthly,yearly,early(早期的)
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily. 用形容词表示类别和整体
1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry
The poor are losing hope. 2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。
the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题: 1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little
D. little other two
答案:C。由“限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --性质--名词”的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。 2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone
B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
5下列几类形容词也没有比较等级:
(1)表示“终极”意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如: blind, dead, living, full, perfect(ly), round, wrong等。
(2)表示时间、方位或方向的形容词或副词。如:back, backward(向后), forward(向前), front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, 等。
(3)部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如: cultural, educational, golden, scientific, urban, wooden等。
(4)本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容词。如: mere(仅仅的), minimal(极少的、最小的), matchless(无敌的), sole(仅有的、唯一的), only unique(独一无二的)等。 6形容词作定语时的后置
a.前面我们讲到形容词作定语时,位置要放在所修饰的名词前面,但当它带有表示量度的词或词组时,定语后置。
They have built a bridge a hundred meters long. 他们建成了一座一百米长的桥。
Last year we built a building thirteen storeys(楼层,pl.) high. 去年,我们盖了一栋十三层的高楼。
b.带有表示量度的词或词组,作表语时,也后置。 The bridge is a hundred meters long. 这座桥长达一百米。 The building is thirteen storeys high. 这个大楼有十三层高。 注意
量度词组变成合成语时,作定语用,放在名词前。 They have built a two-hundred-meter-long bridge. 他们已经修建了一座长二百米的桥。
Last year we built a thirteen-storey-high building. 去年我们建了一座高十三层的大楼。
c.另外,一些形容词或形容词词组常用来放在句首、句中或句尾,作状语。 He returned home, tired and hungry. 他又累又饿地回到了家。
Cold and hungry, he walked in the street. 又冷又饿,他走在街道上。
B: 副词及其基本用法 副词的种类、用法和位置
副词在句子中修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。用来表示时间、场所、状态及程度。 1.副词的种类
(1)时间副词
①表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far
②表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom(很少),never
③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once(立刻,同时),immediately,at first,at last,finally
(2)地点副词
①表地点:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,
Nowhere(无处、哪里都不),somewhere.
②表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,
Away(在某距离处),near,off,past
(3)方式副词表示谓语动词“怎样地”,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成):badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly.
(4)程度副词 多数用来修饰形容词或副词:much,(a)little,a bit,very,so,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly(几乎、将近、差不多),almost,hardly(几乎没有)
(5)疑问副词 构成特殊疑问句:how,when, where,why
(6)连接副词 连接主语、宾语或表语从句:how,when,where,why
(7)关系副词 引导定语从句:when,where,why
(8)其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开:
frankly(坦率地说,说真的),generally(一般说来),luckily(幸运地是),first of all(首先)等。
1、地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句末 注意
地点副词作定语时要后置,不属于这种情况。有时少数地点副词和时间副词可以作定语,放在所修饰词的后边。
The students here are all from China. I'll wait for you here.(地点副词) 我将在这儿等你。
I'll meet him at the station tomorrow.(时间副词) 明天我将去车站接他。
Tomorrow I'll meet him at the station. 注意
有时为了强调时间,也可把时间副词放在句首。 The boy wrote the homework quickly.(方式副词) 这个男孩子写作业很快。
They did their experiments carefully in the lab yesterday. 昨天他们在实验室认真地做实验。
The students all worked well here last week 这些学生上周在这里都做得很好
2、频度副词在句中位置有以下两种
a.在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后。 She is always kind to us(be动词) 她对我们总是很好。
I can never forget the day.(情态动词) 我永远也不能忘掉这一天。
The work has never been done.助动词 助动词(频度副词never放在第一个助动词has的后面)
这件工作永远也做不完。 b.在实义动词之前
He often goes to school early.(实义动词) 他常常早到校。
3、程度副词有下列二种情况
a.修饰动词时,它在句中的位置与频度副词的情况相似。 He is almost forty years old.(在be动词之后) 他快四十岁了。
(注意,如果句末同时有几个副词,它的基本顺序是:方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。) He can hardly understand you. (在情态动词之后) 他几乎听不懂你的活。
b.修饰形容词、副词时,放在它所修饰的词的前面。 He studies much harder now. 现在他学习努力多了。
The room is big enough to hold fifty persons. (enough修饰形容词) 这个房间够大的可以容纳50人。
He runs fast enough.(enough修饰副词) 他跑得够快的。
注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
改错:(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much. 注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat. 兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely
close意思是“近”; closely 意思是“仔细地”
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely. 2) late 与lately
late意思是“晚”; lately 意思是“最近”
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately? 3) deep与deeply
deep意思是“深”,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,“深深地”
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4)high与highly
high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of (高度赞扬)your opinion. 5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是“广泛地”,“在许多地方”
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world. 6) free与freely
free的意思是“免费”;freely 的意思是“无限制地”
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
7某些副词在用法上的区别
(1) already, yet, still
already表示某事物已经发生,主要用于肯定句; yet表示期待某事发生,主要用于否定句和疑问句; still表示某事还在进行,主要用于肯定句和疑问句,有时也可用于否定句。如:
We've already watched that film.
I haven't finished my homework yet.
He still works until late every night. (2) too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句,too和as well多用于口语,一般放在句末,而also多用于书面语,一般放在句中与动词连用。
either用于否定句和否定的疑问句,往往放在句末。 如:He went there too.
He didn't go there either.
I like you as well.
I also went there. 形容词与副词的比较级
⑴ 规则变化
变化规则 1.一般在词尾直接加-er或-est Tall-taller-tallest, long-longer-longest
2、以不发音的字母e 结尾的单词在词尾直接加-r 或- st Nice-nicer-nicest, large-larger-largest
3、以辅音字母+ 结尾的词,把 y变为i ,再加er 或 est Heavy-heavier-heaviest Happy-happier-happiest
4、重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加er 或 est Big-bigger-biggest Fat-fatter-fattest
5、部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more 构成比较级和most 构成最高级 Slowly-more slowly-most slowly
Beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
⑵ 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级 Good/well better best Bad/ill/badly worse Worst Many/much more most little less least
far Farther/further Farther/further old Older/elder Oldest/eldest
其用法与形容词相似,只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如:
Of all the boys ,he sings (the) most beautifully.
9、 as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so„ as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 2)当as„ as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。
as +形容词+ a +单数名词
as + many/much +名词
This is as good an example as the other is.
I can carry as much paper as you can.。
3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one.
Your room is the same size as mine.
4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as 倍数+ the+ n. + of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
Your room is twice the size of mine.
10、 比较级形容词或副词 + than
You are taller than I.
They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine. 注意:
1)要避免重复使用比较级。
(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对) He is more clever than his brother.
(对) He is clever than his brother. 2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia. 3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4)要注意冠词的使用,后有名词的时候,前面才有可能有名词。
比较:Which is large, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
11可修饰比较级的词
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题:
1) ---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes,I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
答案:B. any 可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better. 2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much
D. more much 答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。
3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time 答案:D。 many,old 和 far
1) 如果后接名词时, much more +不可数名词
many more +可数名词复数
2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
My elder brother is an engineer.
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
3) far 有两种比较级,farther,further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。
在美语中,father 表示距离,further表示进一步。
I have nothing further to say.
13、 the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。
形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示“非常”。
It is a most important problem.
=It is a very important problem.
注意: 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. 2) 下列词可修饰最高级,by far, far, much, mostly, almost
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意:
a. very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。
Africa is the second largest continent. 3) 句型转换:
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 4) “否定词语+比较级”,“否定词语+ so„ as”结构表示最高级含义。
Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
14、 和more有关的词组 1) the more„ the more„ 越„„就越„„
The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make. 2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more„ than„ 与„„一样„„,不比„„多
The officials (官员)could see no more than the Emperor(皇帝)。
no less„ than„ 与„„一样„„
He is no less diligent (勤奋)than you. 4) more than 不只是,非常
She is more than kind to us all. 典型例题
1)The weather in China is different from____. A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 答案:D. 本题意为“中国的天气比美国热。”比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。
2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors(拖拉机) in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 答案C. 此句意为“这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍”。
表示倍数用“倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象”的句型。所以此句答案为C。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.
重点提示:
常见比较级五句型
1>Who / Which + be +比较级 , A or B ?
Who is taller, Tom or John?
Which is more expensive, a bicycle or a computer?
2>~ + be + the 比较级 + of the two. (两个之中比较„的那一个,~包含在两个之中)
Tom is the taller of the two. = Tom is taller than the other boy.
3>much / a lot / even / far + 比较级
A compute is much more expensive than a bicycle. 计算机比自行车贵多了。
4>“The+形容词比较级。.。, the+形容词比较级。.。”, 表示 “ 越。.。 就越。.。”。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
5>“ 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ”, 表示 “ 越来越。.。 ”。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。
/ 3) 最高级不一定就是第一
1>Who / Which + be +最高级, A, B, or C ?
Who is the tallest, Tom, Jack, or David? Tom, Jack与David三个人中谁最高?
Which is the most expensive, a bicycle, a motorcycle, or a car? 自行车,摩托车和汽车,哪一个最贵?
2>~ + be + one of the +最高级 +复数名词, 表示“最„„的„„之一”。
The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China. 黄河是中国最长的河流之一。
3>“„+ be +the + 序数词 +最高级 +单数名词 + 范围”, 表示“„„是„„。的第几„„”。
She is the second tallest student in our class. 她是我们班第二高的学生。
4>~ + be + the 最高级 ~ that 某人 have/ has ever + 过去分词。 This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.这是我看过的最有趣的书。 没有比较级的形容词和副词