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主谓一致高中英语语法
一 主谓一致概念
一、主谓一致概念:
主谓一致,即谓语动词的单复数要和主语保持一致。一般来说,如果主语是单数形式,那么谓语动词要用单数;如果主语是复数形式,那么谓语动词要用复数。但是,也会出现一些特殊情况,这就是我们要总结的。
二 主谓一致类型
1. 不可数名词看成单数,因此谓语动词要用单数形式。不可数名词有很多,比如空气、水、重量、长度、金钱等等。
(1) Ten thousand dollars is quite a large sum.
(2) About 20 percent of the work was done yesterday.
第一个句子里,钱即使再多,也只是一笔数目,所以看成单数;第二个句子里,work是不可数的,这个要注意,在英语里,我们把job看成可数名词,但是work看成不可数名词,不可数名词的前提下,不论讲它的几分之几,还是百分之多少,都仍然是不可数。
2. 主语从句看成单数。
That they were wrong in these matters is now clear to us all.
这句话里有两个动词,一个是were,另一个是is,一个句子只能有一个动词,所以这里肯定嵌入了一个从句,我们会发现That they were wrong in these matters是个整体,充当整个句子里的主语,所以是主语从句。我们把主语从句看成单数,所以这里用的is。
3. 就前原则
就前原则,指的是动词单复数看这个词前面的名词单复数情况。as well as, with, along with, together with都遵循就前原则。具体我们来看以下例句:
(1) E-mail, as well as telephones, plays an important part in daily communication.
(2) A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.
第一句话的意思是邮件和电话在日常沟通中有重要作用。按照意思上,感觉讲的是两个东西,动词要用复数,但是as well as是就前原则,动词要看as well as前面的名词的单复数情况,这句话里as well as前面是E-mail,是单数,因此动词用单数plays。第二句话的意思是一个有着五千本书的图书馆被当作礼物赠给一个国家。这句话里有with,也是就前原则,动词单复数看with前面的名词单复数,这句话里with前面是a library,因此用单数is offered.
4. 就近原则
就近原则,和就前原则相反,指句子里动词单复数要看离动词最近的名词单复数情况。either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…都是遵循就前原则,下面我们来看些例句进行理解:
(1) Either you or I am going to the teachers' office after class.
(2) Not only Tom but also his wife is fond of watching television.
第一句话里有either…or…,因此句子里的动词要看离动词最近的名词,最近的名词是 I,因此动词要用am。第二句里有not only…but also…,因此要看离动词最近的名词,本句里是his wife,是单数,所以要用is,即使意思翻译起来是“不仅他,而且他老婆也爱看电视”。
5. 某些名词如people, police, cattle等,形式上是单数,意义是复数,谓语动词应用复数。
(1) The police are searching for a thief.
(2) The cattle are eating grass on the hill.
第一句话其实说的是警察这个队伍在搜查一个贼,但是police是单复数同形,所以看上去像单数,而实际上是复数;第二句话cattle是表示整个牛群,但是由于单复数同形,所以会看不出来,其实意思表示整个牛群在山上吃草。
三 剑桥真题例句
1. Much of the money in this project is being spent on developing the special hardware needed to search many frequencies at once.(C9P23L25)
分析:钱不可数,即使它的很多也不可数,不可数我们就看成单数,因此动词用is。
2. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.(C9P87L5)
分析:虽然she是和丈夫皮埃尔•居里以及Henri一起获得了1903年的诺贝尔物理学奖,但是由于有with,而with是就前原则,因此动词单复数跟着with前的名词走,这句话其实顺序有调整,改成我们习惯的句式是:she with her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics.这样是不是就看出来了?
3. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern.(C8P47L16)
分析:有些名词单复数同行,即单复数形式一样。同样的词还有people和sheep。
4. How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples.(C8P94L13)
分析:这句话有两个动词,分别是be和is,一句话不能同时出现两个动词,有的话说明里面嵌入了一个从句。这句话里,从how到service整个从句在整句话中充当主语,因此是主语从句,我们把主语从句看成单数,因此用了is。
5. Not only we but also he has seen it.(由于剑桥和九分达人里没有,我们引用了《中考一本解决方案》中的句子。P89)
分析:not only…but also…遵循就近原则,即动词单复数看离它最近的主语,这里he是离动词最近的主语,所以要用单数,所以不是have seen,而是用has seen。
高考必背的英语短语
101. by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然
102. for a change换换环境(花样等)
103. charge sb. with …控告某人犯有…
104. in charge of (=responsible for) 负责(某事) in the charge of …由…管
105. take charge of (=to be or become responsible for)负责管理(照顾)
106. charge…for 因…索取(费用) , charge sb. with sth. 控告某人犯有…
107. round the clock(=all day and all night, usually without stopping) 昼夜不停地
108. comment on 评论
109. commit oneself to 使自己承担… commit sb. to prison把某人送进监狱;commit one's idea to writing 把某人的想法写下来;commit a matter to a committee 把某事交给委员会讨论
110. in common (和…)有共同之处,共用。be common to sb. 是与某人所共有的
111. keep company with (=be friendly and go out together) 和…要好。
112. compare…with … 把…与…比较
113. compare…to… 把…比作…
114. by comparison 比较起来
115. in comparison with (=in contrast to) 和…比起来
116. compensate for (=give sth. to make up for) 补偿, 赔偿,弥补 compensate sb. for sth. 赔偿,弥补
117. complain of (or about)抱怨;诉苦;控告;complain about 抱怨某人或事情;complain to sb. about sth. (or sb.) 向某人抱怨…;complain (抱怨);complement (补充);compliment (恭维)
118. comply with (=act in accordance with a demand, order, rule etc.) 遵守, 依从
119. conceive of (think of, imagine, consider) 想象,设想
120. concentrate on (or upon) 集中,专心
121. be concerned with (=about) 与…有关
122. concern oneself about with 关心
123. in conclusion(=as the last thing)最后一点;at the conclusion of 当…结束时;
124. condemn sb. to 判决
125. on condition that (=if)以…为条件, 假如。in that = because因为;now that = since既然 for all that = although 尽管
126. in out of condition (=thoroughly healthy or fit not fit) 健康状况好不好 . in good (bad) condition处于良好(坏)状态
127. confess(to)(=admit a fault, crime, or sth. wrong)承认, 供认;confess to a crime 承认罪行。
128. confide in (=to talk freely to sb. about one's secret) 对…讲真心话, 依赖
129. in confidence 推心置腹地;with confidence 满怀信心地;have confidence in 对…有信心
130. confidence in sb. sth. 对…的信赖
131. be confident of 有信心;confidential 机密的
132. confine…to… 把…限制在某范围内
133. confirm sb. in 使某人更坚定(信念等)
134. conform to (=be in agreement with, comply with) 符合,遵照,遵守;1)obey 服从;2) observe;3)comply with照…办;4)keep to遵循;5)abide by服从;6)stick to按……做
135. be confronted with(=be brought face to face with) 面对, 面临
136. congratulate sb. on 祝贺
137. in connection with(=with regard to)关于
138. be conscious of(=be aware of)觉察,知道
139. consent to(=give agreement to permission)同意
140. in consequence (=as a result) 结果
141. in consequence of (=as a consequence of)由于…的结果
142. under consideration 在考虑中
143. in consideration of (=in return for, on account of, because of )由于
144. on no consideration(in no case)无论如何也不
145.take…into consideration (=take account of, take…into account)考虑到, 把 …考虑进去
146. considerate (=thoughtful of the needs) 体贴的, 考虑他人需要的, considerable相当大的,值得考虑的
147. consist of(=be composed of)由…组成的。consist in主要在于。consist with符合,与…一致
148. be consistent with(=be in agreement with)与…一致。be consistent in一贯的
149. consult sb. on about sth. 向…征求…方面的意见, 就…向…请教
150. to one's heart's content尽情地,痛痛快快
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